Medieval village life Essay Example

Medieval village life Paper The lord lived in a story house built out of stone. They had space to grow herbs, flowers and vegetables. The manor house had a large garden it has a well in the garden the lord had a fish pond for the fish as for the peasant the only had a house with no windows because the class windows were expensive. The lord had a little amount of glass for the window the people that lived in the manor house had to go out for a loo. The lord of the manor had field for the animals but the peasants did not and so the animal had to be kept inside. The peasants got all kinds of diseases because they kept the animal inside. when some one made food for the lord one off the servant had to check if it is not food poisoned. The kitchens were separated so they had to go outside and make the food. The dinner was eaten at 10-11 oclock. They would eat as much as they could because could afford salt for the meat in winter. But the peasant had to feed there pig to make sure that they are fat and there is enough to eat in winter then they will kill the pig to have them for there super at winter time. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval village life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval village life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval village life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The manor had too floors but the peasant had only one room. The manor people had curtains around the walls to keep flies and spider off. But the peasants did not have curtains because they couldnt afford the material. The important buildings in the village granary where they kept there bread. Dove cote was another important building because that where they would feed the doves. The last important building was private chapel that was where the lord of the manor prayed. The peasants were not allowed in the private chapel. The 1fields rule of farming is that you are not to hunt animals if you do you will get punished for it the punishment is that your hands will get chopped off. the 2 Rule is that you have to do your job right to earn money if you dont do it right you get whipped. The common land was important to the peasants because crops grew and the best soil was kept there. It was used to keep grazing and gathering fuels. the land was owned by the Lord of the Manor but people visited there with his permission. The peasants did not own land so in return they had to pay the lord of the manor or if they did not have any money they had to give him something or do something for him such as make him food. Most peasants were farmers . they would do different jobs depending on the season, for example January-nobleman drinking at fire side. February- peasant digging a ditch March- peasant cutting timber April-peasant planting trees May- nobleman hawking June peasant hay mowing with a scythe July-peasant using sickle to cut corn August- -peasant threshing with flail September-peasant picking grapes October-peasant sowing winter corn November-peasant feed pigs on acorn December-peasant slaughtering the pig Another job that they did was making food for the lord. To do these jobs the tools they used they were sickles, scythe, flail, spade and knifes. Samera Bi 7BE 1 03/05/2007 History/ Mrs Thomas Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

“Variations on the Word Sleep” By Margaret Atwood Essay Essays

â€Å"Variations on the Word Sleep† By Margaret Atwood Essay Essays â€Å"Variations on the Word Sleep† By Margaret Atwood Essay Paper â€Å"Variations on the Word Sleep† By Margaret Atwood Essay Paper In Variations on the Word Sleep the storyteller of the verse form instantly addresses his/her scruples demand to link with the other individual. and they besides recognize the hopelessness of this end: â€Å"I would wish to watch you kiping. which may non happen† ( 1-2 ) . The gap to the verse form. as we see here. could be considered typical of Atwood’s composing in the sense that one individual longs to bond with another. and recognizes the trouble. It is this type of exposure that we have come to anticipate in Margaret Atwood’s Hagiographas. because. as with many feminist Hagiographas. we are cognizant of the power battle between work forces and adult females. and even between adult females. But this verse form refrains from placing sexes ; it merely discusses a deeply internal demand of one individual for another. who is on a journey through the dark labyrinth of their consciousness. The first stanza evolves from a simple supplication from the genderless talker to watch their lover slumber. to a deeper. religious demand. Atwood chooses to stay equivocal in this regard. which helps a wider audience identify with the work. The verse form besides has virtue because within seven short. simplistic lines we glide from a soft yearning to a love composite and intense. with two heads unifying together in a dream: â€Å"I would wish to watch you. kiping. I would wish to kip with you. to come in your slumber as its smooth dark moving ridge slides over my caput. ( 3-7 ) † The action of the verse form continues to germinate as Atwood carries the reader through what appears to be a lover’s dream or phantasy. The storyteller at first wants merely to watch their lover slumber. so he/she desires to come in the same slumber. so envision him/her falling through the beds of consciousness. As the reader follows along with the look up toing storyteller and his or her comrade. they become progressively cognizant of the narrator’s need for transcendency. In the first. 2nd and 3rd stanzas. Atwood uses words that help steer us along the action. such as â€Å"watch. † â€Å"enter. † â€Å"over. † â€Å"descend. † â€Å"follow. † and â€Å"become. † All of these words are effectual in doing the reader feel as if they excessively are faltering along side of the storyteller. urgently seeking to come in the deepnesss of their love. The storyteller is so dying and passionate. that they are willing to follow their lover towards their worst fright in order to protect them â€Å"from the heartache at the centre. † ( 16 ) This is particularly interesting in the facet of feminism because Atwood’s female characters are normally model of accomplishment and authorization. If one is to presume the storyteller in this verse form is female. than Atwood is depicting a adult female trailing her adult male in a despairing effort to go his centre. and even to â€Å"be the air that inhabits you for a minute merely. I would wish to be that unnoticed that necessary. ( 27-30 ) † The word â€Å"unnoticed† here could be seen in a couple different visible radiations. as could the full subject of the verse form. On one manus. the storyteller is cut downing him or herself to being virtually unseeable. by going the air of their lover. Yet on the other manus. she has abstained from placing sexes. and the poesy itself is distressingly honorable and romantic in its portraiture of forfeit. The storyteller is acknowledging that the object of their fondness. whether they are male or female. has a consciousness worth researching. and they are willing to transport this individual off from darkness. The other ground that this verse form should be valued is because of Atwood’s usage of the elements. The imagination of the verse form moves from H2O â€Å"smooth dark wave† ( 6 ) to earth â€Å"forest. cave† ( 6. 9 ) to H2O once more â€Å"become the boat that would row you† ( 21 ) to fire â€Å"a fire in two cupped hands† ( 23 ) so eventually. air â€Å"I would wish to be the air that inhabits you† ( 27-28 ) . The poem â€Å"Variations of the Word Sleep† is an first-class illustration of Atwood’s endowment for uncovering feelings of separations and besides for demoing the love affair in giving up ones’ ain individuality for the interest of love. This subject is non typical to what the populace would see ruthlessly feminist. but Atwood’s Hagiographas redefine the kingdom of what adult females desire and deserve in love.

The Invention and Development of the Wheel

The Invention and Development of the Wheel The oldest wheel found in archeological excavations was discovered in what was Mesopotamia and is believed to be over 5,500 years old. It was not used for transportation, though, but rather as a potters wheel. The combination of the wheel and axle made possible early forms of transportation, which became more sophisticated over time with the development of other technologies. Key Takeaways: The Wheel The earliest wheels were used as potters wheels. They were invented in Mesopotamia about 5,500 years ago. The wheelbarrow- a simple cart with a single wheel- was invented by the ancient Greeks. Though wheels are mainly used for transportation, they are also used to navigate, spin thread, and generate wind and hydroelectric power. When Was the Wheel Invented? Though often thought of as one of the earliest inventions, the wheel actually arrived after the invention of agriculture, boats, woven cloth, and pottery. It was invented sometime around 3,500 B.C. During the transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, the very earliest wheels were made of wood, with a hole in the core for the axle. The wheel is unique because, unlike other early human inventions such as the pitchfork- which was inspired by forked sticks- it is not based on anything in nature. The Inventor of the Wheel The wheel is not like the telephone or the lightbulb, a breakthrough invention that can be credited to a single (or even several) inventors. There is archaeological evidence of wheels dating back to at least 5,500 years ago, but no one knows exactly who invented them. Wheeled vehicles appeared later in various areas across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The invention of the wheelbarrow- a one-wheeled cart used to transport goods and raw materials- is usually credited to the ancient Greeks. However, earlier evidence of wheeled carts has been found in Europe and China. Wheel and Axle The Bronocice pot is the earliest depiction of a wheel and axle. Â  Silar/Wiki Commons The wheel alone, without any further innovation, would not have done much for mankind. Rather, it was the combination of the wheel and axle that made early forms of transportation possible, including carts and chariots. The Bronocice pot, a piece of pottery discovered in Poland and dating to at least 3370 B.C., is believed to feature the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle. The evidence suggests that small wagons or carts, likely drawn by cattle, were in use in Central Europe by this time in human history. The first carts featured wheels and axles that turned together. Wooden pegs were used to fix the sledge so that when it rested on the rollers it did not move. The axle turned in between the pegs, allowing the axle and wheels to create all the movement. Later, the pegs were replaced with holes carved into the cart frame, and the axle was placed through the holes. This made it necessary for the larger wheels and thinner axle to be separate pieces. The wheels were attached to both sides of the axle. Finally, the fixed axle was invented, wherein the axle did not turn but was solidly connected to the cart frame. The wheels were fitted onto the axle in a way that allowed them to freely rotate. Fixed axles made for stable carts that could turn corners better. By this time the wheel can be considered a complete invention. Following the invention of the wheel, the Sumerians invented the sledge, a device consisting of a flat base mounted on a pair of runners with curved ends. The sledge was useful for transporting cargo over smooth terrain; however, the Sumerians quickly realized that the device would be more efficient once it was mounted on rollers. Modern Uses of the Wheel VISUAL ART PHOTOGRAPHY/Getty Images While the basic function of the wheel is unchanged, modern wheels are much different from the simple wooden wheels of the past. Innovations in materials science have made possible all kinds of tires for bicycles, cars, motorcycles, and trucks- including tires designed for rough terrain, ice, and snow. While primarily used for transportation, the wheel also has other applications. Watermills, for example, use water wheels- large structures with a series of blades along the rim- to generate hydropower. In the past, watermills powered textile mills, sawmills, and gristmills. Today, similar structures called turbines are used to generate wind and hydroelectric power. The spinning wheel is another example of how the wheel can be used. This device, invented in India over 2,500 years ago, was used to spin thread from natural fibers such as cotton, flax, and wool. The spinning wheel was eventually replaced by the spinning jenny and the spinning frame, more sophisticated devices that also incorporate wheels. The gyroscope is a navigational instrument that consists of a spinning wheel and a pair of gimbals. Modern versions of this tool are used in compasses and accelerometers.

Shipping Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Shipping Law - Essay Example carriage and its acceptance by the shipper, including the advertisement of the carriage, the booking notice, any statements by agents, and other such evidence, with the bill of lading as the capstone. Since, the bill of lading is only signed by one party, the agent of the carrier, with the shipper or his forwarding agent, responsible for the description of the goods to be loaded or already loaded, the bill of lading has been described as a contract for adhesion or a standard form contract if the shipper is using the usual forms provided by the carrier. The named consignee, often the shipper himself, is also a party to bill of lading, first, by receiving the goods at its destination upon producing the bill of lading, and, second, as he may assume the risk covered by insurance during the voyage although he has not yet acquired title to the goods. (b) TC has indicated to Susan that he will accept liability to her for damage to half ofthe goods. He intends to limit this liability under the US Carriage of Goods by SeaAct 1936. Susan has said that as she is the lawful holder of the bills of lading, shecan sue him for all of the goods and that the Hague-Visby Rules will apply. IsSusan correct in these beliefs Hague-Visby Rules is one of the rule which defines the rights and duties of parties in a contract of carriage of goods by sea, insurance for goods, and transfer of title. The Hague and Hague- Visby rules are generally identical, except for provisions dealing with limitations of liability, third parties and a few minor areas. The Visby amendments to the Hague Rules increase the limits... As indicated earlier, the bill of lading is the best evidence of the contract of carriage, but the entire contract depends upon the offer of service by the carriage and its acceptance by the shipper, including the advertisement of the carriage, the booking notice, any statements by agents, and other such evidence, with the bill of lading as the capstone. Since, the bill of lading is only signed by one party, the agent of the carrier, with the shipper or his forwarding agent, responsible for the description of the goods to be loaded or already loaded, the bill of lading has been described as a contract for adhesion or a standard form contract if the shipper is using the usual forms provided by the carrier. The named consignee, often the shipper himself, is also a party to bill of lading, first, by receiving the goods at its destination upon producing the bill of lading, and, second, as he may assume the risk covered by insurance during the voyage although he has not yet acquired title to the goods. Hague-Visby Rules is one of the rule which defines the rights and duties of parties in a contract of carriage of goods by sea, insurance for goods, and transfer of title. The Hague and Hague- Visby rules are generally identical, except for provisions dealing with limitations of liability, third parties and a few minor areas. The Visby amendments to the Hague Rules increase the limits of the carrier liability, change the method of expressing the limitation amount (by weight).

What caused the Great Depression of the 1930s What happened during the Essay

What caused the Great Depression of the 1930s What happened during the depression - Essay Example and during the crisis of the 1930’s, are still being debated today while the country suffers through a similar economic situation due to similar causes. Unfortunately most of what the government did then, as some would argue today, did little to help either people or business and only acted to make the situation worse. This paper examines what caused the Great Depression, its effects on the country and the results of the government’s reaction to it. Many things contributed to causing the Great Depression but there were two key reasons, the lack of financial oversight and the country’s wealth was unevenly distributed among its citizens. The 1920’s was a prosperous period for the country but a middle class, as we know it now, did not exist. Those with money kept the economy going due to their voracious consuming habits but when the rich slowed or stopped spending the economy followed suit. While businesses had significant productivity gains during the 1920’s, its employees shared a relatively small portion of the wealth they produced.   â€Å"Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 percent, but workers’ wages grew by only 8 percent.† (Collazo, 2005). During this period, corporate profits rose by 65 percent and the government gave huge tax breaks to the wealthy allowing them to keep much of those profits. The Revenue Act of 1926 lowered the taxes of persons m aking $1 million per year by about 70 percent.    By 1929 the total earnings for the top one-tenth of one percent of American households was equal the bottom 42 percent.   The U.S. economy became more unstable as the income inequality grew. The health of the country’s economy depended on how much the rich spent but during the late 1920’s this very small portion of society began to decrease not only its spending but investment expenditures too which greased the wheels of the economic decline. â€Å"Since there were relatively few persons of great wealth, a

Flexible-fuel vehicle Essay Example for Free

Flexible-fuel vehicle Essay Below you will find a list of 125 of 250 potential informative speech topics. Be sure to analyze your audience and time limit before selecting a topic. These topics can be used as they are, or you might have to make them more precise to suit the situation (available time, class requirements, etc. ). INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE FORMAT Student’s Name: Lindsay Cook Date: 2/12/2013 Topic: Asbestos Title:Everything you NEVER wanted to know about asbestos General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, the audience will know what asbestos is, where is was com Informative Speech Below you will find a list of 125 of 250 potential informative speech topics. Be sure to analyze your audience and time limit before selecting a topic. These topics can be used as they are, or you might have to make them more precise to suit the situation (available time, class requirements, etc. ). Premium656 Words3 Pages Informative Speech Alternative Energy Alternative Energy Informative Speech Attention-Getter: Do you know what this is? This is worsening your asthma at the age of 10 and you developing lung cancer by the age of 30. According to the Centers for Disease Control there are 1 in 11 children with asthma (Centers, 2012a) and approximatel Premium989 Words4 Pages Asbestos Informative Speech INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE FORMAT Student’s Name: Lindsay Cook Date: 2/12/2013 Topic: Asbestos Title:Everything you NEVER wanted to know about asbestos General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, the audience will know what asbestos is, where is was com Premium1256 Words6 Pages Financial Planning Informative Speech. Speech 4 Informative Speech Weve got a gang of clueless bozos steering our ship of state right over a cliff, weve got corporate gangsters stealing us blind, and we cant even clean up after a hurricane much less build a hybrid car. But instead of getting mad, everyone sits around and nods thei Premium878 Words4 Pages Hybrid Cars MKTG 396: Assignment #1: The Prius Leading a Wave of Hybrid Cars Question #1: Company: Within the company there are a few areas to look at regarding Toyotas introduction of the Prius. Areas such as financing, research, development, as well as others. When introducing the Prius, Toyota started Premium1083 Words5 Pages Hybrid Cars BUY A HYBRID, SAVE THE PLANET Topic:Hybrid Cars General Purpose:To orally present information by sharing, defining, or explaining. Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that hybrid vehicles are an environmentally sensitive and affordable for almost anyone. Central Idea:Hybrid c Premium1500 Words6 Pages Hybrid Informative Speech Assignment: Informative #2 Speech Goal: To inform the audience on hybrid cars. Opening: Hybrid cars are much more environmentally friendly than gas only vehicles. There are several different sorts of transportation that one would have never thought of as being hybrid. There are p Premium356 Words2 Pages Informative Paper Informative Speech Specific Purpose: To inform about the importance of changing the oil in your car on a regular basis. Introduction: I. According to famous author, E. B. White, Everything in life is somewhere else, and you get there in a car (Frank p52). II. Since this has never been tr Premium826 Words4 Pages Complaint Speech. Complaint Speech (pet peeve or everyday nuisances) Time Limit: 2-4 minutes Outline: Standard format as described in lecture and text. Sample outline included below. Why we are doing this: This is a bridge from narrative to informative speaking where we use the entire speech preparation process but Premium1391 Words6 Pages Informative Evaluation Informative Evaluation On July 23, I performed my informative speech on alternative fuel vehicles. I wrote this evaluation based on the videotape of that performance. Before I began, I set up my visual aids and made sure that my note cards were in order. I planted my feet and made eye contact Premium797 Words4 Pages Speech During the past six weeks I have developed a better sense of confidence when it comes to speaking in public. This is something that I have worked on when preparing for different kinds of speeches over the past six weeks. I felt that being afraid of speaking in public was not normal, but many people Premium786 Words4 Pages Comm Speech Informative Speech General Purpose:To Inform Specific Purpose:To inform the audience of the instrument known as tenors and how to properly play them. Central Idea:I believe percussion instruments are not only fun, but are also a challenge to those who decide to play. INTRODUCTION Premium898 Words4 Pages Speech Hillius Ettinoffe Informative Speech Outline 03/29/2011 TITLE: Godzilla in the streets. INTRODUCTION ATTENTION: 3. 8L Twin-Turbo V6. 530bhp. 0-60mph in 2. 9s. 1/4mi in 11. 2s at 122. 7mph. Top speed around 196mph THESIS STATEMENT: If you haven’t figured it out yet, I’m going to be tal Premium654 Words3 Pages Informative on Plastoidip. Informative Speech on PlastiDip in the Automotive Industries Alvin Vu February 16, 2013 OCL 151 Topic: Plasti Dip General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about one of the most versatile and affordable alternative to a clear bra, paint, and vinyl wrapping. Premium1087 Words5 Pages Speech McMahon Here are some topics I gleaned from various sources/books/internet cites. It is unlikely that you will be able to persuade an audience to change a value or principle. Consider a topic that involves making an incremental change. Additionally, if an audience already agrees with your speech.

Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act Essay -- Chinese Immigrants, Americ

Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act â€Å"Many Chinese immigrants falsely claimed American citizenship during the exclusion era†¦I’ve considered this question†¦ever since I learned that my American last name was different, in spelling and meaning, from my Chinese last name†¦ What’s in a name?† said Karen Lew, a community anchor at the Museum of Chinese in America. She discovered that her ancestors were forced to change their last names during the Chinese Exclusion Act to prevent deportation. Most believe that the Chinese Exclusion Act was a mistake from the American government. The Chinese Exclusion Act had an impact on not only the Chinese, but also most Asians Americans’ lives. In the year of 1848, a significant amount of gold was discovered in Sutter’s Mill. The gold rush not only made Eastern American labors to come to the West, but also caused a large amount of people in China to immigrate over in hopes of a fortune (Tien, Kelly). â€Å"Chinese workers then were willing to take jobs that no one else really wants to do,† stated Munson Kwok, president of the LA chapter of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance (qtd. in Los Angeles Times). As stated in Menlo’s Sun Server, when the American economy became unstable during the Panic of 1873, labors thought that the "working and low-paid" Chinese were receiving more money than they should, therefore reducing the non-Chinese workers’ wages. The Chinese eventually became scapegoats for the economic downfall, and the non-Chinese workers started propaganda against the Chinese, making cartoons and slogans like â€Å"Mark the man who would crush us to the level of the Mongolian slave.â €  Immigration taxes and laundry-operation fees were passed to limit Chinese population (Menlo’s Sun Server). Ultimately, ... .... "Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences. University of Chicago, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. United States v. Wong Kim Ark. United States Reports 169. Northern District of California. 28 Mar. 1898. United States v. Wong Kim Ark - 169 U.S. 649 (1898). N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. "UNITED STATES v. WONG KIM ARK." United States v. Wong Kim Ark. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Wing, Bob. "Crossing Race and Nationality: The Racial Formation of Asian Americans, 1852-1965." Monthly Review 7 (2005): 1. ELibrary. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Wong, William. "The Citizenship of Wong Kim Ark." San Francisco Examiner 08 Apr. 1998, Second Edition ed., News sec.: A-19. Print. Yokoi, Iris. "CHINATOWN Exclusion Law's Effect Examined." Los Angeles Times 12 Dec. 1993: n. pag. Print.

Guide for Employee Relations Staff Essay

You receive a call or letter from a manager saying that an allegation or complaint has been made about a member of staff. At this point it is important to ascertain if the subject of the complaint is a ‘vulnerable adult’ in terms of the Safeguarding Adults/Adult Protection policy and guidance. Â  If they do fit these criteria, remind the manager that they have a responsibility to consider using the Safeguarding Adults/Adult Protection process. They can seek advice from other colleagues or from the Safeguarding Adults/Adult Protection Team if unsure. o The next step is to consider if the staff member needs to be sent home. There are occasional situations where people can be moved to non client contact settings, but sending them home usually protects them as well as the vulnerable adult. o The safeguarding adults process should have been initiated by the manager and must fit in with your timescales i. e. a strategy meeting within 5 working days from the staff member being sent home. The strategy meeting should include police where relevant, care manager, CQC (Care Quality Commission), ER (Employee Relations), any other key players with a contribution to make (see Safeguarding Adults Guidance for more detail). It should be chaired by a Safeguarding Adults Officer or by another manager. o The Safeguarding Strategy meeting will look at the whole picture, including the possibility of any other vulnerable adults being at risk; the need for a police investigation; the need for more information etc. The meeting will decide what type of investigation, if any, needs to take place. Police investigations take precedence over all others. Work needs to be done with the police to enable joint interviews with HR where possible, to avoid interviewing vulnerable adults twice. o Where there is no police interview and the issue is dealt with under the disciplinary process, there are two things that may assist your staff. One is to enlist the support of a trained investigator, and two for ER advisors to get a place on the Safeguarding Adults Investigator’s training.

How Organizations Can Learn from Failure

How can organizations learn from failure? Companies can learn from failure by setting up clear systems of measurement and utilizing certain performance indicators which record failures in detail. Simply not overlooking failure as something inevitable? First failure is defined. Second explanations on how organizations should go about thinking about failure in the right way. Third, elaboration on methods organizations could potentially use to learn from failure. Finally, what organizations can learn from failing.Even though there is a no precise definition for failure in organizations, there is a general agreement to what failure means and could lead to. Failure is broadly defined as a condition of not meeting the intended objective or end. Failure could result in the depletion of finance, shrinking market, exit from the market, loss of market share, project failure and loss of legitimacy. We can assume that failure has negative consequences even though the final outcome may be positiv e, with firms learning from failure.Understanding the need for learning from failure is unquestionable; however it is tough for organizations to put this into practice. It is crucial that organizations understand failure and think about it in the right way before they can go about implementing procedures to prevent such failures from happening in the future. Learning from failure involves understanding that failure is not always bad and that learning from failure is no straightforward task. An organization cannot simply reflect on what they did wrong and expect to not make the same mistakes again.Organizations have to understand about the different degrees of failure which occur on a scale ranging from blameworthy to praiseworthy. They fall into three broad categories which are 1, failures which occur in predictable operations which could be prevented. 2, unavoidable failures which occur in complex organizations which can be managed to prevent snowballing. 3, unwanted outcomes†¦. To learn from failure, we require different strategies for each setting. It is key to detect them early, analyze failures with depth, develop hypothesis, experiments and projects to product them.In order to minimize failure employees first have to feel safe to report these failures. In the article titled strategies for learning from failure the author Amy C. Edmondson talks about http://hbr. org/2011/04/strategies-for-learning-from-failure/ar/1 First the organization has to go about understanding failure in the right way as well as all the possible side†¦ Important for managers to think about failure in the right way. Failure is not always bad. It is sometimes bad and sometimes inevitable and sometimes good.Learning from failure is not a straightforward task. The attitudes and activities required to effectively detect and analyze failures are in short supply in most companies and the need for context-specific learning strategies is underappreciated.? Organizations need new a nd better ways to go beyond lessons which are superficial( procedures which weren’t followed) or self serving ( The market just wasn’t ready for our great new product) That means jettisoning old cultural beliefs and stereotypical notions. The blame game?A spectrum of reasons for failure? http://www. uk. sagepub. com/upm-data/10989_Chapter_9. pdf Failing to learn from failure reasons? -Simply experiencing a negative event is not sufficient for learning. – Learning can be a complicated process, the acquisition of knowledge and the shifts in behavior must occur at all levels of a highly complex system. â€Å"Bazerman and Watkins (2004) contend that, when organizations fail to learn failures, they become susceptible to predictable surprises. What is the difference between predictable and unpredictable surprises?Predictable surprises occur when an organization leadership ignores or fails to understand clear evidence that a potentially devastating problem to occur. T here are different sort of failures and not all failures are created equally. Bazerman and Watkins( 2004) identify four ways in which organizations fail to learn from failures that occur around them: Scanning Failures: failure to pay close attention to potential problems both inside and outside the organization; this failure could be due to arrogance, a lack of resources, or simple inattentions?Intergration failures: failure to understand how pieces of potentially complicated information fit together to provide lessons of how to avoid crises. 3. Incentive Failures: failure to provide sufficient rewards to people who report problems and take actions to avoid possible crises 4. Learning Failures: failure to draw important lessons from crises and preserve their memory in the organization Organizations who face these failures potentially could damage their organizational integrity. Eg Mitroff and Anagnos 2001, Managing Crises before they happen: what every manager needs to know about cr isis management. 1982, Johnson and Johnson could respond to an external crisis with their product being linked to cyanide poisoning and thus the company responded quickly by pulling their stock of capsules from the shelves and having great PR work. J and J knew how to handle their PR well and their product managed to get back to the top seller. J and J however became a victim of its previous success and had not done well with ‘Predictable surprises’ where crises occurred within the company. J and J had failed to do proper product scanning and had been a different sort of failure. failure of a different type? Failure of Success. Problem 1 and 4. Learning from failure: Sitkin 1996- Mittelstaedt (2005) – Failure is an essential part of learning for many organizations. Failures, should not be hidden or avoided. Making mistakes is essential to success, a company which appears to be free from disruption may be operating unrealistically and from a uniformed perspective. â€Å"learning to identify mistakes analytically and timely is the difference between failure and success. † Too often employees and managers are unwilling to admit small failures for fear of reprisal.The unwillingness to recognize and embrace failure is also a failure to recognize and respond to potential crises. The longer these small crises build up the higher likelihood it could escalate into a major crisis. In successful organizations, failure creates recognition of risk and a motivation for change that would not exist otherwise. Describes this recognition as a â€Å"learning readiness† without failure, very difficult to produce in most organizations. Sitkin cautions that not all failures are equally effective in fostering good risk management.Organizations learn best from intelligent failures, which have these characteristics, result from planned actions, uncertain outcomes, modest in scale, and take place in domains that are familiar enough to permit effective learning. Organizations need to recognize risks by accepting and acting on failures. Learn the best when failure results from competent actions, not major crises. Still within the comfort zone and employees are eager and experienced enough to respond. These opportunities arise: Vicarious Learning – learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others.Organizations need not fail as an entity in order to learn. Successful organizations engage in vicarious learning in order to recognize risk, organizational leaders observe the failures or crises experienced by similar organizations and take action to avoid making the same mistakes. Examples of Vicarious Learning- Give!!! Organizational memory: Without learning from their own and other’s mistakes organizations stagnate and fail to respond to potential threats in an ever-changing world. Learning has no use if the knowledge is not retained.An example of failure in organizatio nal memory is the Union carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984. Early in December morning, the plant leaked a deadly cloud of gas that settled over part of the sleeping city of a million residents. Within two hours 2000 of them were dead with thousands left injured? Part of the reason for the disaster was a loss in organizational memory. The plant had been slated for closure and many experienced staff had been transferred out, leaving minimal crew with little work experience, with the training for remaining crew at a minimum. The crisis was traced to staff reductions and oversight failures.Much of the blame for the tragedy rests with a rapid reduction in experienced staff that took with them a large share of organizational memory. Organizational memory comprises of, a) Acquiring knowledge, done by recognizing failures within the organization and by observing failures of similar organizations. b) Distributing knowledge is the key to organizational memory. Highly experienced employees will leave the organization and these people should be given an opportunity to share their knowledge around or those departing personnel will go along with their experience. ) Acting upon knowledge, is important for organizational memory to serve an organization. New employees need to learn from those departing ones.! New employees cannot do things their own way or else it will lead to repeat failures†¦.!!!! Employees have many opportunities to discard the hard-earned knowledge. Because organizational memory depends on exchanging information from one person to another perception change, mistreatment and stubbornness to learn can disrupt preserving organizational memory. Organizations need to learn and build from previous experiences.Unlearning: Effective organizational learning depends on an organizations ability to unlearn practices and policies that have become outdated by environmental changes. Example of Unlearning 1. Expanding Options: When organizations are unwilling to forego routine procedures during crisis or potential crisis situations, they lose the capacity to react to unique circumstances. Unlearning enables the organization to expand its options. 2. Contracting Options: In some cases, organizations may respond to a crisis with a strategy that has worked well in the past.In the current situation, however, the strategy from the past may actually make matters worse. In such cases, organizations must be willing to reject some strategies in favor of others. 3. Grafting: In the previous section, we discussed the need for organizations to hand down existing knowledge to new employees. If the socialization of new employees is so intense that they cannot bring new knowledge to the organization, however, the organization is doing itself a disservice. Although organizational memory is essential, some degree of unlearningOpportunity 1: Organizations should treat failure as an opportunity to recognize a potential crisis or to prevent a similar crisis in the future. Opportunity 2: Organizations can avoid crises by learning from the failures and crises of other organizations. Opportunity 3: Organizational training and planning should emphasize the preservation of previous learning in order to make organizational memory a priority. Opportunity 4: Organizations must be willing to unlearn outdated or ineffective procedures if they are to learn better crisis management strategies Bazerman, M. H. & Watkins, M. D. (2004). Predictable surprises: The disasters you should have seen coming and how to prevent them. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Huber, G. P. (1996). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. In M. D. Cohen & L. S. Sproull (Eds. ), Organizational learning (pp. 124-162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mitroff, I. I. , & Anagnos, G. (2001). Managing crises before they happen: What every executive and manager needs to know about crisis management. New York: AMACOM. Mittelstaedt, R. E. (2005). Will y our next mistake be fatal?Avoiding the chain of mistakes that can destroy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton. Sitkin, S. B. (1996). Learning through failure: The strategy of small losses. In M. D. Cohen & L. S. Sproull (Eds. ), Organizational learning (pp. 541-578). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tompkins, P. K. (2005). Apollo, Challenger, Columbia: The decline of the space program. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Organizations who face these failures potentially could damage their organizational integrity. It is important for an organization to identify these failures and act on them while the company is still in operation.Having a crisis management team to prepare, respond and recover from a crisis is paramount in ensuring that the organization recovers and continues. Preparation must happen before a crisis occurs. In times of crisis, organizations need to systematically analyze its errors, acknowledge the errors and limits of the organization as well as address the issue with a level of sophistica tion. When an organization continually fails to differentiate and neglect crisis and failures it could lead to detrimental problems for the organization. Failure/ Crisis Management Case Study 1A hypothetical example would be the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (BP oil spill) that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico from 20 April 2010 to 15 July 2010. The estimated 185 million barrels of oil first made landfall in Louisiana. By June 2010, the tar balls and oil mousse had reached the shores of Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. By August, it had smeared tourist beaches, washed onto the shorelines of sleepy coastal communities, oozed into the marshy bays that fishermen have worked for generations as well as killed millions of wildlife in the process.Instead of dealing with the failure in a professional way, BP inadvertently created a PR situation synonymous with herding cats. It’s had to fight to clear up two quagmires – its oil mess and its tarnished image. (Please Refer to Append ix- New York Times, Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill) In times of crisis or failure, it is important for an organization to understand the need for a comprehensive risk analysis. Should the failure be environmentally or socially threatening, impressions demonstrations of empathy and competence are vital. BP was not prepared to successfully deal with such a catastrophe.To minimize the damage, BP should have immediately accomplished five tasks: 1. Issue regular, frequent progress reports 2. Control the pictures (even some on the Web site appeared to be canned or generic) 3. Transparency 4. Display empathy as a concerned corporate entity comprised of authentic people diligently making a good-faith effort to solve the problem Failure/ Crisis Management Case Study 2 Failure, if properly attended to and rectified is a great plus. It gives the much needed confidence to the public, client or stakeholders in the product and organization.Furthermore, with proper management, the organization will be a ble to assess its capacity to deal with the systemic and circumstantial deficiencies leading to failures and work out a way forward. A great example would be the Johnson and Johnson Tylenol poisoning crisis in 1982. When the Tylenol scare occurred, Johnson and Johnson responded immediately and positively, taking the analgesic off the shelves, keeping the public apprised of the investigation, and their instituting new tamper-proof seals to make their product more secure.An organization needs to be upfront and out front with their communication about the situation and what they are doing to correct it and protect the public. The organization has to keep the public’s best interests at heart when communicating the issue effectively, clearly, accurately, and promptly upon discovering the problem. Having a crisis management plan in place before a crisis occurs puts an organization in a solid position to handle it more effectively and responsibly. Detecting failure, analyising failu re, promoting experiementation? Deviance Inattention Lack of Ability Process Inadequacy Task Challenge Process ComplexityUncertainty Hypothesis Testing Exploratory Testing Blameworthy Praiseworthy Violating a prescribed practice or process by choice Straying away from specifications Does not possess the necessary qualifications or skills for the task Adhering to a prescribed but faulty or incomplete task Task too difficult to be executed reliably each time Process comprises of element breaks when encountering interactions Lack of clarity causes actions which seem reasonable but produces undesired results An experiment to prove and idea, fails Experiment to increase knowledge and understand possibilities leads to an unwanted result

P1 Describe The Functions Of The Essay

P1 Describe The Functions Of The Essay P1 Describe The Functions Of The Essay P1: Describe the functions of the main cell components In this assignment I am going to describe the functions of cell organelles by explaining the main activities, where they are and what they do. To begin with I am going to describe the cell membrane which is an extracellular organelle. One of its functions is to surround the cell keeping the cytoplasm and other organelles within the cell; like a skin otherwise the cell will be unsustainable and go everywhere. Its main function is to safeguard intracellular components from the extracellular environment; the cell membrane does this as it is a semi-permeable membrane which only allows a certain amount of substances into the cell. The Centrosome is a small clear cytoplasm that contains centrioles and lies next to the nucleus. The centrosome looks like a set of tubes called tubules that are set in a cylindrical formation, the tubules produce microtubules that transports proteins during cellular mitosis. During mitosis the Centrioles divide and move to opposite sides to continue and repeat this process. The Golgi body is a series of flattened fluid sacs which is located near the nucleus, many tiny fluid-filled globules or bags lie close to the main stack, these are called vesicles. The Golgi body packages protein for delivery to other organelles or outwards from cell secretions, the Golgi body is also responsible for producing Lysosomes. The Lysosome is a round organelle that is surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. The Lysosome is scattered all over the cell so the digestion of cell nutrients takes place, the Lysosome breaks down substances such as lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Finally the Lysosomes are involved with the breakdown of organelles that have outlived their usefulness, in other words the Lysosomes are like the cleaning crew of the cells. The Mitochondria is an oval shaped organelle which is infolded many times because it has a double membrane which forms a series of tunnels inside called Cistae which gives it its unique appearance that is shown on cell diagrams. The mitochondria is scattered across the cell as its function is to produce energy for the cell to ensure that most parts of the cell receives energy and not just one part, which basically means it’s the power-station of the cell. The Nuclear Membrane surrounds the nucleus by enclosing and separating it from the cytoplasm. It also controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. The Nucleus is a spherical body in the centre of the cell containing many

Chaotic Curiosity or Curios Chaos

Chaotic Curiosity or Curios Chaos Abhishek Tiwari The word science comes from â€Å" scientia †, Latin word for knowledge. Webster’s dictionary defines science as â€Å"the knowledge covering the general truths of the operations of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through the scientific method and concerned with the physical world†. In a layman’s interpretation science is a systematic way to obtain the knowledge about the mystifying secrets of Mother Nature by few known facts, observations, and few approximate estimations. New theories and laws in science are proposed by using two points- 1) repetition or reproducibility of the data, and 2) computational simulation. But what happens if these fundamental rules are not followed in a system? As they say, exceptions to rules form new rules, these infringing systems fall into the category of â€Å"Chaotic systems†. Chaotic systems are those in which the distant results are practically unknowable. The Theory of Chaos r ules this domain of science. Today chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics with several applications in the fields of biology, cosmology, economics, engineering, meteorology, and physics. It talks about deterministic dynamic systems which are not just highly but infinitely sensitive to the initial conditions. Under such circumstances even with a fraction of difference in the initial stages would yield into complete different outcomes every time the process is started hence defying the first basic rule in experimentation. Every technology is built with its own error, limitations and approximation, and therefore computer simulation of such a dynamic system to know about its fate at certain point in space-time would either require a huge amount of initially defined components or a long time calculations which would still differ with the actual outcome. In other words the deterministic nature of such dynamic systems may not help in determining their future. Meteorologist Edward Lorenz was the first person to talk about chaotic systems. He summarized this theory as, â€Å"when the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determines the future†. In 1972 Edward Lorenz wrote a paper titled as â€Å"Predictability: Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?† on the theory of Chaos. Edward Lorenz accidentally came across this topic while doing his work on weather forecast. Using a simple computer of his time, he was running a weather simulation. However due to time constraints he started his work mid way and to his astonishment he got a completely diverted results from the previous output. He concluded that the difference was generated due to the rounding-off of the numbers in the input. The consensus of the difference should practically have no effect on the immediate prediction but in a long run produced a significant difference. The word chaos is generally taken as c omplete disarray is a misnomer for this theory. The chaotic systems are not cluttered but are disciplined to an extent. Like we know for sure that the moon would not collide with earth in few weeks but the prediction remains uncertain for a longer time period. Similarly weather forecasts are known most accurately about a week before. Therefore chaotic systems are predictable for a while but later on with time it becomes random. The effectiveness of our prediction can be determined by following factors:-

Research methods in health and social care Essay

Research methods in health and social care - Essay Example The purpose is also to create a baseline or basis for the study that the researcher will conduct. Another purpose of the literature review is to justify the proposal and show any gaps that happen to be in the literature. A final reason for the literature review is to show how a certain topic has been approached by other academic scholars (Jones 2003). With these thoughts in mind, a better look at the literature reviews by Burton (2000) is in order. Burtons purpose for the study was to identify the experiences of stroke patients form their perspective. Within the review, Burton identified information from studies that showed specific ideas that was presented by others. The general issues that showed several perceptions that patients had. There were no clear distinctions of how there were gaps in the literature. AT the beginning of the review, Burton suggested that stroke recover received only limited description; (Burton 200:302) in nursing studies. There was more information found about the experience of the disease rather than the experience of the perception that the patients had. However, the literature reviews she found did have information about what she found. Burton did not indicate whether the studies that were found were form nursing or form medicine in general. Jones (2007) states that a successful literature review not only states what other scholars have said but also offers an assessment of the quality and scope of existing studies †¦ (p. 45). Burton did not give an assessment of the quality of the studies but only told what other researchers stated on the topic. Burton used the literature review to show the literature may support her study. Burton chose a phenomenology framework to gain a meaning of life with stroke. The study used grounded theory to gain an understanding form interview transcripts.